Appeals Court to Hear Chimpanzee Lawsuit
Tommy the chimpanzee is headed back to court. He won’t be there in person, but the Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP) is appealing a December ruling of a lower court that denied him the legal right to “bodily liberty.” (Setting of new precedents is generally left to the higher courts.)
You’ll recall that Tommy is one of four chimpanzees in New York State who, according to the NhRP, are being held unlawfully under the common law and should be released to a sanctuary. (The other three are Hercules and Leo, who are being held at a research facility at Stony Brook University, and Kiko, who is being kept as a “pet” in a private home.)
The judges in each of the lower court hearings denied the writs of habeas corpus, which would have enabled the chimpanzees to be transferred to sanctuaries, but two of them clearly indicated that they supported what the NhRP is setting out to do.
And so, on October 8th, the NhRP will argue to the New York Supreme Court Appellate Division, Third Department, that chimpanzees are autonomous, self-aware, highly intelligent, emotionally complex beings, who fit the definition of a “person” entitled to a common law writ of habeas corpus when imprisoned within the State of New York.
While there are hundreds of “animal rights” organizations, the only animal who has any legal rights at all is the human animal.(You can read more about Tommy and the other chimpanzees here. And you can read about habeas corpus and how the legal case is put together here, and download the brief that the NhRP has filed with the appellate court here.)
If the appellate court rejects the NhRP’s arguments, the organization will appeal this decision to the highest court in New York: the Court of Appeals.
This is the first time anyone has gone to court in the United States seeking to obtain a legal right for a nonhuman animal. (While there are hundreds of “animal rights” organizations, the only animal who has any legal rights at all is the human animal.)
When these first lawsuits were filed, last December, they made headlines all around the world, and Tommy’s appeal may well make headlines again. Legal experts, attorneys and animal rights organizations worldwide have been taking note of the strategy of seeking legal rights for nonhuman animals through the ancient writ of habeas corpus.
(This is the same approach, for example, that was taken in the groundbreaking case of a slave, James Somerset, who was taken to London by his “owner”. A team of attorneys filed suit on his behalf, arguing that he was a “legal person” who could therefore not be held as property. In 1772, the famous judge Lord Mansfield agreed and ordered that Somerset be freed. As a result, similar suits were soon being filed in the newly established United States.)
While the appeals process on behalf of the New York chimpanzees works its way through the courts, the NhRP is already preparing its next round of lawsuits, which will likely be on behalf of a group of elephants who are being held at a zoo or circus.
And the organization plans to keep filing suits on behalf of animals whose degree of complex cognition, self-awareness and autonomy fit the profile that courts have used in the past in recognizing someone as a “legal person” with the capacity for certain appropriate legal rights – in this case the right not to be kept in captivity. “We are seeking to break through the legal wall that separates all humans from all other animals.”
Steven M. Wise, the founder and president of the NhRP, says, “We are seeking to break through the legal wall that separates all humans from all other animals.” He argues that whether or not you have any legal rights should not be determined by your species any more than, among humans, it should be determined by your gender or your age.
The cases of Tommy and the other three chimpanzees have already begun to influence the thinking of judges around the country. Last month, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that a police officer had not erred when he entered private property without a warrant to seize a horse who was dying of starvation. The court wrote about “the ongoing evolution of the legal status of animals,” noting that “the day may come when humans perceive less separation between themselves and other living beings than the law now reflects” and citing the lawsuits filed by the NhRP in New York.
Commenting on the court’s decision in an op-ed article in The Oregonian, Attorney Wise wrote that:
The Oregon Supreme Court accurately captured the rapidly growing stages of a state, national and international legal movement to recognize the legal personhood of nonhuman animals.
. . . With this case the Oregon Supreme Court signaled they recognize the changing legal status of nonhuman animals.
And they approve.
Animal rights attorneys in other countries are also taking up the challenge. Last week, the Argentine newspaper La Nacion wrote about “a wave of unprecedented orders for habeas corpus in the courts of several countries,” including four such cases in Argentina. In an interview with La Nacion about the NhRP lawsuits in New York, Wise explained:
“We did not ask that chimpanzees be considered human beings, which they are not, but that the courts take into account the views of the 12 most renowned primatologists in the world, supporting the proposition … that they have autonomy and self-awareness, that they build tools on their own, communicate by signs, self-medicate, and have complex cognition like our own.”
In its ruling about the horse, the Oregon Supreme Court also noted that India’s Central Zoo Authority recently banned the exhibition of dolphins, after concluding that their status was “closer to that of ‘non-human persons.'”
When the NhRP filed its first lawsuits last December, it was prepared for a long haul of cases over the coming years and probably decades. But the cases of the four chimpanzees in New York State seem to have already struck a chord with the legal system. While he denied Tommy’s case last December, the Hon. Joseph Sise held an hour-long hearing and asked some of the key questions that enabled the NhRP to place on the record why Tommy should be considered a “legal person” and what are the grounds for him to have the fundamental right of bodily liberty. (The transcript of the hearing is here.) The judge concluded:
“Your impassioned representations to the Court are quite impressive. … However, I do not agree with the argument only insofar as Article 70 applies to chimpanzees. Good luck with your venture. I’m sorry I can’t sign the order, but I hope you continue. As an animal lover, I appreciate your work.”
So, while Judge Sise said that he could not entertain the application for a writ of habeas corpus, he helped prepare the ground for the appeal that will be heard next month.
Whatever happens in Tommy’s appeal, there’s little doubt now that the legal wall that separates all humans from all other living beings is already being breached.
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Oral arguments in Tommy’s case are set for 1 pm on October 8th before the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Judicial Department in Albany, NY.